FREQUENCY OF TYPES OF GLAUCOMA PRESENTING TO TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Keywords:
Glaucoma, Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma, Secondary Glaucoma, Primary Open Angle GlaucomaAbstract
Introduction: “Glaucoma” is one of the primary causes of permanent blindness amongst the age-related ocular disorders, and its classification remains obscure. The “International Society for Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology” has established a definitive definition for the purposes of epidemiological studies by including several practical factors, such as visual field losses and optic nerve head findings. Objectives: To find out the frequency of types of “glaucoma” in patients presenting at the outdoor department. Methods: A “cross sectional study” was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. The study duration was six months. The study was conducted on 117 patients of both genders having glaucoma in any one or both eyes for more than six months. The age group ranged from 30 to 70 years, with mean age of 53.068±7.62 years and mean weight was 82.444±5.59 Kg. All patients underwent eye examinations twice, which were conducted by the consultant “ophthalmologist”. Humphrey FDT visual field analyzer was used for visual field testing. Supra threshold (C20-5 or C20-1) screening mode” was used to screen all the participants involved, after the procedure was explained and demonstrated to them. Both eyes underwent individual testing with no correction. Types of “glaucoma” were noted. Results: Most of patients had primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) accounting for 34.2% of cases followed by primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) being 6% whereas 7.7% of patients had secondary glaucoma. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that majority of patients presented with POAG. Also we found that secondary glaucoma and primary angle closure glaucoma mostly resulted from operational cataract procedures.
References
Moschos MM. Physiology and psychology of vision and its disorders: a review. Med hypothesis, Discov Innov Ophthalmol J [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 9];3(3):83–90. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25741524
Zetterberg M. Age-related eye disease and gender [Internet]. Vol. 83, Maturitas. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2016 [cited 2020 Jul 9]. p. 19–26. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26508081/
Klein R, Klein BEK. The prevalence of age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in aging: Current estimates. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Internet]. 2013 Dec 13 [cited 2020 Jul 9];54(14):ORSF5. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4139275/?report=abstract
Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Visual function, social position, and health and life chances the UK Biobank study. JAMA Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2020 Jul 9];134(9):959–66. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27466983/
Tham YC, Li X, Wong TY, Quigley HA, Aung T, Cheng CY. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2014 Nov 1 [cited 2020 Jul 9];121(11):2081–90. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24974815/
Patel AR, Patra F, Shah NP, Shukla D. Biological control of mycotoxins by probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Dynamism dairy Ind Consum demands [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2020 Jul 9];2015(February):2–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/
Anholt RRH, Carbone MA. A molecular mechanism for glaucoma: Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response [Internet]. Vol. 19, Trends in Molecular Medicine. Trends Mol Med; 2013 [cited 2020 Jul 9]. p. 586–93. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23876925/
Janssen SF, Gorgels TGMF, Ramdas WD, Klaver CCW, van Duijn CM, Jansonius NM, et al. The vast complexity of primary open angle glaucoma: Disease genes, risks, molecular mechanisms and pathobiology. Prog Retin Eye Res [Internet]. 2013 Nov 19 [cited 2020 Jul 9];37:31–67. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350946213000578
Cheng J-W, Zong Y, Zeng Y-Y, Wei R-L. The Prevalence of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma in Adult Asians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acott TS, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2014 Jul 24 [cited 2020 Jul 9];9(7):e103222. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103222
Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review [Internet]. Vol. 311, JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association; 2014 [cited 2020 Jul 9]. p. 1901–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24825645/
Abu-Amero K, Kondkar AA, Chalam K V. An updated review on the genetics of primary open angle glaucoma [Internet]. Vol. 16, International Journal of Molecular Sciences. MDPI AG; 2015 [cited 2020 Jul 9]. p. 28886–911. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26690118/
Kyari F, Entekume G, Rabiu M, Spry P, Wormald R, Nolan W, et al. A Population-based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in Nigeria: Results from the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. BMC Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2015 Dec 12 [cited 2020 Jul 9];15(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26653326/
Baskaran M, Foo RC, Cheng CY, Narayanaswamy AK, Zheng YF, Wu R, et al. The prevalence and types of glaucoma in an urban Chinese population: The Singapore Chinese eye study. JAMA Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2015 Aug 1 [cited 2020 Jul 9];133(8):874–80. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25974263/
Taqi U, Fasih U, Jafri SFA, Sheikh A. Frequency of primary open angle glaucoma in Abbasi Shaheed Hospital [Internet]. Vol. 61, Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2011 [cited 2020 Jul 9]. p. 778–81. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22356001/
Wall M, Wild JM, Henson DB, Artes PH, Chaudry SJ, Chauhan BC. SUPRATHRESHOLD PERIMETRY: ESTABLISHING THE TEST INTENSITY. 1998.
Rotchford AP, Kirwan JF, Muller MA, Johnson GJ, Roux P. Temba glaucoma study: A population-based cross-sectional survey in urban South Africa. Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2003 Feb 1 [cited 2020 Jul 9];110(2):376–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12578784/
Rotchford AP, Johnson GJ. Glaucoma in Zulus: A population-based cross-sectional survey in a rural district in South Africa. Arch Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2020 Jul 9];120(4):471–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11934321/
Buhrmann RR, Quigley HA, Barron Y, West SK, Oliva MS, Mmbaga BBO. Prevalence of glaucoma in a rural east African population. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2020 Jul 9];41(1):40–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10634599/
Budenz DL, Barton K, Whiteside-De Vos J, Schiffman J, Bandi J, Nolan W, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in an urban west african population: The tema eye survey. JAMA Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2013 May [cited 2020 Jul 9];131(5):651–8. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23538512/
Ashaye A, Ashaolu O, Komolafe O, Ajayi BGK, Olawoye O, Olusanya B, et al. Prevalence and types of glaucoma among an indigenous African population in southwestern Nigeria. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Internet]. 2013 Nov 1 [cited 2020 Jul 9];54(12):7410–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24135752/
Sakata K, Sakata LM, Sakata VM, Santini C, Hopker LM, Bernardes R, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in a South Brazilian population: Projeto glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci [Internet]. 2007 Nov [cited 2020 Jul 9];48(11):4974–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17962447/
Pakravan M, Yazdani S, Javadi MA, Amini H, Behroozi Z, Ziaei H, et al. A population-based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in central Iran: The Yazd eye study. Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2013 Oct [cited 2020 Jul 9];120(10):1977–84. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23664464/
Chua BE, Xie J, Arnold AL, Koukouras I, Keeffe JE, Taylor HR. Glaucoma prevalence in Indigenous Australians. Br J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2011 Jul [cited 2020 Jul 9];95(7):926–30. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21113072/
Al-Mansouri F, Kanaan A, Gamra H, Khandekar R, Hashim S, Al Qahtani O, et al. Prevalence and determinants of glaucoma in citizens of Qatar aged 40 years or older: A community-based survey. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2020 Jul 9];18(2):141. Available from: http://www.meajo.org/text.asp?2011/18/2/141/80703
Kosoko-Lasaki O, Gong G, Haynatzki G, Wilson MR. Race, ethnicity and prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. J Natl Med Assoc [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2020 Jul 9];98(10):1626–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17052053/
Leske MC. Open-angle glaucoma - An epidemiologic overview. In: Ophthalmic Epidemiology [Internet]. Ophthalmic Epidemiol; 2007 [cited 2020 Jul 9]. p. 166–72. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17896292/
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 THE STETHO

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.